PARKING APPEALS SERVICE

PAUL RICHARD DAVIS - and - THE ROYAL BOROUGH OF KENSINGTON &

CHELSEA

PAS CASE No. 1970198981

SAEED REZVANI -and- THE ROYAL BOROUGH OF KENSINGTON & CHELSEA

PAS CASE No. 1970182813

BEAUDECOR LTD -and - THE ROYAL BOROUGH OF KENSINGTON &

CHELSEA

PAS CASE No. 1970161595

PATRAS MAHGARAM -and - THE ROYAL BOROUGH OF KENSINGTON &

CHELSEA

PAS CASE No. 1970213021

DECISION

Introduction

The Road Traffic Act 1991 (“the 1991 Act”) provides a scheme which decriminalises the vast

majority of contraventions of the regulation of parking. The scheme has been adopted

throughout London, including The Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea, and it has recently

been extended to some non-London boroughs.

The scheme takes the enforcement of parking regulation entirely outside the criminal justice

system. Under the scheme, parking contraventions - such as parking on a single yellow line

during restricted hours, or parking without payment of the initial charge in a pay and display bay -

are no longer criminal offences. On the streets, enforcement has been taken out of the hands of

the police, and put into the hands of the relevant local authority who employ parking attendants to

assist them in enforcement. However, although the scheme is not criminal, it is penal. A

contravention can result in a penalty being incurred: but such penalties are payable to the local

authority responsible for enforcement. If liability for a penalty is contested, then the scheme

takes that dispute outside the Court system. It is dealt with initially by the relevant local authority

itself and then, if the dispute continues, by a tribunal (the Parking Adjudicator) set up specifically

for the task. Once liability is determined, in the event of non-payment, a local authority can

enforce payment, not as a criminal fine, but as a civil debt through the County Court.

Proceedings for the recovery of penalty charges must be taken in the Northampton County

Court Parking Enforcement Centre.

Therefore, in a number of respects, the scheme is novel. It is penal, but not criminal. It

empowers local authorities not only to enforce the regulations, and also to keep the penalties

recovered (although these are ring-fenced, so that they can only be used for transport purposes).

A number of issues concerning this scheme have arisen since its inception which, whilst being

well-settled in the criminal law system (which previously had exclusive jurisdiction over parking

regulation enforcement), have had to be considered by Parking Adjudicators and the Courts

afresh in the context of this new scheme: for example, the burden and standard of proof in

proceedings before an Adjudicator (Ronald Kenrick Douglas v The London Borough of Brent

(PAS Case No 1960031276, 4 July 1997)), and the ability of an Adjudicator to make rulings on

collateral challenges to underlying regulations ( R v The Parking Adjudicator ex parte The

London Borough of Bexley (CO/1616/96, Unreported, 29 July 1997)).

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Before me now are four cases concerning the effects of delay in proceedings under the scheme,

which again require the consideration of familiar concepts in an entirely novel context. This has

not been an easy task, and at the outset I would like to thank Julia Mann, Christopher Yates and

Linda Wheeler of The London Borough of Kensington & Chelsea (“the Council”), and

particularly Peter Harrison of Counsel (instructed by the Council), for their assistance at the

hearing.

The four cases concern delay at various times during the statutory process. Therefore, before I

come to the individual case themselves, I will deal with the relevant statutory provisions that

cover this process.

The Statutory Background

Under Section 66(2) of the 1991 Act, a parking penalty charge becomes payable with respect to

a vehicle, by the owner of the vehicle, in specified circumstances which contravene the statutory

provisions relating to parking.

By Section 66(1), where a parking attendant employed by or on behalf of the enforcing local

authority has reason to believe that a contravention of parking regulations has occurred such that

a penalty charge is payable, he may issue a penalty charge notice (commonly referred to as a

“parking ticket”: I will refer to it as a “PCN”), which he must affix to the vehicle or give to the

person appearing to him to be in charge of the vehicle. Section 66(3) sets out a number of

matters which the PCN must specify: sub-section (d) provides that the PCN must state that, if

the penalty is paid within 14 days of the issue of the PCN, then the amount will be reduced by a

specified proportion. In Kensington & Chelsea, the penalty is £60, which is reduced by 50% (to

£30) if paid within 14 days.

However, although a PCN is aimed at the driver (or person in charge of the vehicle), if the

penalty referred to in the PCN is not paid, then he (as the driver or person in charge) cannot be

pursued for it at all. The authority can only pursue the “owner” of the vehicle, generally defined

(by Section 82(2) of the 1991 Act) in terms of the person by whom the vehicle is kept. There is

a statutory rebuttable presumption that, for the purposes of enforcement, the “owner” of a

vehicle is the person in whose name the vehicle is registered at the Driver and Vehicle Licensing

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Authority (“DVLA”) (Section 82(3)). Therefore, in the event of non-payment of a penalty for

28 days after the issue of a PCN, the authority may serve a notice on the person who appears to

them to have been the owner of the vehicle when the alleged contravention occurred, i.e. a

notice to owner (“NTO”) (Paragraph 1(1) of Schedule 6 to the Act): and it can take the benefit

of the statutory presumption and serve such notice on the person in whose name the vehicle is

registered at the DVLA. I stress the word “may”. There is a discretion in the authority as to

whether to pursue an individual penalty by serving the owner with an NTO: and that is reflected

in the instructions that accompany the PCN, which indicate that, in the event of non-payment, an

NTO may be issued to the owner. Paragraph 1(2) of Schedule 6 sets out matters which the

NTO must include. Sub-paragraph (a) requires the amount due to be specified: of course, this

will be the full penalty, because the 14 day period when 50% would be acceptable has

necessarily elapsed.

Paragraph 2 of Schedule 6 gives the recipient of an NTO the right to make representations to

the relevant authority, who have the duty to consider them (Paragraph 2(7)). If they accept the

representations, they cancel the penalty: if they reject them, then the recipient of the NTO can

appeal to an independent Parking Adjudicator.

If the full penalty is not paid within 28 days of the final determination of liability, then the

authority may serve the recipient of the NTO with a charge certificate, to the effect that the

penalty charge is increased by 50% (i.e. to £90, in the case of Kensington & Chelsea)

(Paragraph 6(1)): and if that increased charge is not paid within 14 days, then the authority may

apply to the Parking Enforcement Centre at Northampton County Court for the recovery of the

increased charge as if it were payable under a County Court order (Paragraph 7 of Schedule 6

to the 1991 Act: and Paragraph 8A of The High Court and County Courts Jurisdiction Order

1991 and Order 48B of The County Court Rules 1981 (“CCR”)). Again, I stress the word

“may”. The authority has a discretion whether to serve a charge certificate: and a further

discretion, having served such a certificate, whether to enforce it through the Court. It can, at

either of these stages, decide not to proceed with enforcement.

CCR Order 48B applies the usual rules relating to enforcement of County Court money orders

and judgments to County Court orders for the recovery of the increased parking penalties, by the

various means available in the County Court (e.g. attachment of earnings, garnishee proceedings

and charging orders). By Order 48B Rule 5(1) (which applies the provisions of Order 26 Rule 5

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to the recovery of parking penalties under County Court order), a warrant of execution cannot

be issued without the leave of the Court where six years or more have elapsed since the date of

the relevant order upon which the warrant is to be based. Section 24 of the Limitation Act 1980

equally applies from that date: so that no action on the order can be taken more than six years

after the date of the order (although rarely would an action based on the order - as opposed to

mere steps being taken for the execution of that order - be necessary).

After a County Court order has been made, Paragraph 8 of Schedule 6 provides for the revoking

of a charge certificate and the setting aside of the order in certain circumstances (e.g. where a

person gives a statutory declaration that he never received the original NTO), but otherwise

liability for the increased charge cannot be challenged in the County Court. When a charge

certificate is revoked, the authority have express power to issue a fresh NTO (Paragraph 8(6)).

That is the basic statutory scheme for enforcement of parking penalties by local authorities and,

so far as recipients of NTOs are concerned, for contesting such penalties. Of course, although

delays may be more prone to occur at particular points in the process, they can occur at any

stage.

The Purpose and Aims of the Statutory Scheme

Although the 1991 Act decriminalises contraventions of parking restrictions, the primary statute -

the Act under which the relevant traffic regulation or management orders are usually made - is

The Road Traffic Regulation Act 1984 (“the 1984 Act”). The purpose and aims of the 1984 Act

were considered by Mr Justice McCullough in R -v- The London Borough of Camden ex parte

Cran [1995] RTR 346. He said (at page 365D):”

“[It] is not a revenue raising Act.”

and (at page 360J-L):

“...[T]he 1984 Act is not a fiscal measure.... All its provisions...are concerned in one

way or another with the expeditious, convenient and safe movement of traffic and the

provision of suitable and adequate parking facilities on and off the highway. This is

reflected in the wording of Section 122(1). There is its policy; there are its objects.”

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In R -v- The Parking Adjudicator ex parte The London Borough of Bexley (CO/1616/96,

Unreported, 29 July 1997), this was approved by Mr Justice Scott Baker (Transcript, page 9G-

H).

Section 122(1) of the 1984 Act (as amended) reads:

“It shall be the duty of every local authority upon whom functions are conferred by this

or under this Act so to exercise the functions...to secure the expeditious, convenient

and safe movement of vehicular and other traffic (including pedestrians) and the

provision of suitable and adequate parking facilities on and off the highway...”

The duty imposed by this sub-section is expressly subject to the provisions of Part II of the 1991

Act (Section 122(3) of the 1984 Act as amended). This part of the 1991 Act deals with traffic

in London, and includes Sections 51 and 63 under which the Secretary of State for Transport is

bound to issue to the London authorities guidance with respect to the management of traffic in

London (Section 51) and with a view to the authorities co-ordinating their action with respect to

parking in London (Section 63). The Secretary of State did so on 26 August 1992 (Local

Authority Circular 5/92). In that guidance, the main objectives of the 1991 Act are given as

follows:

“10.5 Local authorities should ensure that the new system of parking control is

effective in their areas so that it makes a significant contribution to helping

the movement of traffic, reducing accidents and improving the environment

and managing the overall level of traffic in accordance with the strategy

outlined...above...

10.6 The local authority should ensure that the new system is run efficiently and

economically and that as soon as practicable it becomes overall at least self-

financing where necessary taking account of receipts from off street parking

places...

10.7 The local authority should operate the new system fairly...”

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This comprises the relevant guidance of the Secretary of State, the passage

is missing that representing merely additional information upon that guidance.

That guidance was supplemented in February 1998, by a further document issued by The

Government Office for London (on behalf of the Secretary of State for the Environment,

Transport and the Regions), “Traffic Management and Parking Guidance for London”. This

document reflected (almost verbatim) the wording of a Consultation Paper issued by The

Government Office for London in August 1997, “Traffic Management and Parking Guidance: A

New Approach”. The February 1998 guidance says:

“8. The Local Authority Parking Enforcement System

Introduction

8.1 Sections 8-11 of this Annex brings up to date the general guidance on the

local authority enforcement system ... The Secretary of State expects the

local authorities, the Parking Committee for London and, where

appropriate, the Traffic Director, to take account of this Annex in

operating the decriminalised parking enforcement system... (emphasis in

the original).

Main Objectives from the Road Traffic Act 1991

8.4 Local authorities should ensure that the system is run efficiently and

economically and overall is at least self-financing, where necessary taking

account of receipts from off-street parking places. However, self-financing

should not be at the expense of safety or traffic management considerations.

8.5 Local authorities should operate the system fairly. Safeguards for drivers

and owners are contained throughout the procedures for operating the system

under [the 1991 Act]...

8.6 Local authorities have a statutory duty to consider representations against the

issue [PCNs] and wheelclamping or removal action. The local authorities

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should exercise this duty in a fair and consistent way. They should also

consider using their discretion to waive additional parking charges where

there are extenuating circumstances. Experience has shown that producing

full and prompt replies to representations results in fewer appeals to the

adjudicators and more PCNs paid...

8.10 Parking adjudicators are a major safeguard for the protection of drivers and

owners under the decriminalised system. They have a comparable role to

Magistrates’ Courts under the existing system of criminal parking controls.

They consider appeals from motorists who are not satisfied with the grounds

on which a local authority has rejected their representations against the

authority’s enforcement action. They follow quick and simple procedures

prescribed in regulations made by the Secretary of State [currently The Road

Traffic (Parking Adjudicators) (London) Regulations 1993]. As the

adjudicators sit alone, [the 1991 Act] requires them to have a 5 year general

qualification within the meaning of Section 71 of The Courts and Legal

Services Act 1990, i.e. they must have a right of audience in relation to any

class of proceedings in any part of the Supreme Court, or all proceedings in

County Courts or Magistrates Courts. Thus adjudicators are qualified to

decide on matters of fact and of law ...”

Therefore, summarising the relevant statutory provisions, and guidance from the Secretary of

State:

1. The purpose of the scheme of the 1991 Act is traffic management, and not

fiscal. Indeed, the traffic management purpose is paramount even to the aim of

making the scheme self-financing.

2. There is a duty on local authorities to ensure that the scheme is administered

fairly, as well as efficiently and economically. In administering the scheme,

authorities are to have regard to “the safeguards for drivers and owners [that]

are contained throughout the procedures for operating the system”.

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3. Parking Adjudicators are a major safeguard for the protection of drivers and

owners. In carrying out their functions, Parking Adjudicators are to “follow

quick and simple procedures prescribed in regulations made by the Secretary of

State”.

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Individual Cases: The Facts

I now turn to the facts of the individual cases.

A. Paul Richard Davis (PAS Case No 1970198981) (PCN No KC97014601)

The Appellant is the registered keeper of a black Ford Fiesta XR2, registration mark F952

WVP. The Council say that, on 7 November 1995 between 10.19am and 10.27am, the car was

parked in Lexham Gardens (a restricted street) during a time restrictions were in force. A

Parking Attendant - having reasonable grounds to believe that a contravention of the relevant

traffic management order had occurred - issued a PCN, which he attached to the vehicle. No

payment or other response to the PCN was received by the Council, and so, on 12 December

1995, an NTO was sent to the Appellant at the address given for him on the DVLA computer.

No response was received to the NTO and, consequently, on 24 January 1996, a charge

certificate was sent to the Appellant at the same address: but this charge certificate was not

registered at the Parking Enforcement Centre at Northampton until February 1997. In this case,

this delay of over 12 months was the material delay. The Council (in evidence of Mr Yates,

their Parking Enforcement Manager) said that the cause of the delay was that their computer

database was not linked to the County Court until November 1996.

No doubt very shortly after an attempt at enforcement of the County Court Order, the Appellant

promptly applied to the County Court by way of statutory declaration to have the NTO and

charge certificate set aside, on the basis that he had never received the original NTO. The

application was granted by the Court on 11 April 1997.

However, the Council issued a second NTO which they sent to the Appellant on 22 April 1997.

The Appellant - again promptly - sent representations to the Council on 30 April 1997: but these

were based on the misapprehension that the County Court Order had cancelled the PCN (rather

than merely the charge certificate), thereby dis-enabling the Council from pursuing any penalty

at all. As indicated above, on the cancellation of a charge certificate, an authority’s right to issue

a fresh NTO is expressly preserved (Paragraph 8(b) of Schedule 6 to the 1991 Act) The

representations were turned down by the Council nearly 3 months later, on 15 July. An “M

Davis” lodged an appeal on the Appellant’s behalf on 13 August 1997, giving the following

details of appeal:

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“I received a penalty notice 18 months after the aledge (sic) incident, with nothing prior

to this at all. The vehicle has been in a garage for some time as I have been living in

Germany, the rest of my family have had the keys, but they all own they’re (sic) own

vehicles. I or they would have no need to be in Lexham Gardens at that time as I or

the rest of my family don’t work or have friends who live there. We are all very

puzzled why I have received this notice 18 months later. I feel there has been a

mistake made on the Council’s behalf. I do feel there has been a total misjustice here

and I am not very amused.”

That postal appeal came before Parking Adjudicator Henry Michael Greenslade on 15 October

1997. He allowed the appeal, giving the following reasons:

“This PCN was issued in November 1995. Mr Davis says he knew nothing about it

until he received an NTO in April 1997. The Council say that, with no response to the

original NTO, a charge certificate was issued in January 1996. However, it then took

them 13 months to register the case at PEC. This was a considerable delay. It is

unreasonable to expect Mr Davis now to recall events. The contravention is disputed.

I find there must be considerable doubt that it did occur.”

On 22 October 1997, the Council wrote to the Parking Appeals Service seeking a review of the

decision, in these terms:

“... [F]or the Adjudicator to find that there must be considerable doubt that the

contravention occurred is in the Council’s viewpoint not a logical conclusion to the

argument. The Council accept that there was a delay between the issue of the first

charge certificate on 24.01.96, and the registration of the case at PEC on 03.02.97, but

this is no reason to find that there must be considerable doubt that the offence

occurred. Indeed, the facts of the case were clearly set out in the Council’s Summary

of Evidence and supported by documentary evidence that the contravention did in fact

occur. The fact that the Appellant may not recall the events simply because they

happened a long time ago cannot mean that the offence did not occur. It is for this

reason why the Council wish to challenge the decision.”

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That letter was followed by a further letter to the Parking Appeals Service of 28 October, which

said:

“Recent adjudications have been alarming, making illogical jumps in reasoning that

because an event was a long time ago there is doubt that it happened (see letter of

22.10.97 re Case 1970198981) ...”

On 11 November, the Chief Parking Adjudicator agreed that the decision be reviewed, and that

review is now before me.

What is clear in this case, is that the Appellant appears to have acted promptly at all times.

Under Paragraph 8 of Schedule 6 to the 1991 Act, the County Court have accepted - and I must

accept - that the Appellant knew nothing about the alleged contravention (which took place in

November 1995) until about April 1997, when presumably there was some attempted

enforcement of a County Court Order. In the intervening period, the matter was entirely in the

hands of the Council. Until the attempted service of the charge certificate in January 1996,

matters had progressed with reasonable expedition: by my calculation, it took only just over 2

months between the alleged contravention and service of the charge certificate. There was then

a delay of over 12 months before the certificate was registered. Responsibility for that delay

was entirely the Council’s. As soon as the Council attempted to enforce the County Court order

(after the registration of the certificate) - and the Appellant knew, for the first time, of the

alleged contravention for which he was being held responsible - matters moved quite swiftly. It

is notable that, but for the delay between the attempted service and registration of the charge

certificate, the second NTO could have been served in this case in under 6 months after the

alleged contravention.

B. Saeed Rezvani (PAS Case No 1970182813) (PCN No KC82031753)

The Appellant is the registered keeper of a green Volkswagen Polo CL Coupe, registration mark

L397 GUY. He is disabled, and holds a Kensington & Chelsea blue disabled badge (under the

Kensington & Chelsea Free Parking Places) (Disabled Persons) Order 1991). However, that

badge does not entitle him to park on yellow lines during restricted hours, except for up to 20

minutes for the purposes of allowing a disabled person to be dropped off or picked up.

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The Council say that, on 31 July 1995, the vehicle was seen in Pitt Street by Parking Attendant

No KC127, parked on a yellow line during prescribed hours, between 11.42am and 12.08pm (i.e.

for a period of 26 minutes). A PCN was issued and fixed to the vehicle’s windscreen. It seems

that the Appellant wrote to the Council immediately upon receipt of this PCN, to point out that he

is a disabled badge holder: but that letter is undated, and it is not entirely clear that it was sent at

that stage. If it was sent then, it is certainly unclear why the Council did not use the address

shown on that letter, rather than seek the address given for the keeper on the DVLA computer.

In any event, the Appellant’s letter did not enclose any payment.

In the absence of a payment in response to the PCN, the Council made a request to the DVLA

for details of the owner, which they received on 25 September 1995. The owner was given as

“Saeed Rezvani c/o Motability Finance Ltd, 20 Cadogan House, Beaufort Street, London SW3

5BL”. As I understand it, Motability is a private company which operates schemes for the

benefit of disabled drivers, including a hire scheme and a hire purchase scheme in which the hire

premium is linked to the amount of allowance to which a disabled person is entitled. An NTO

was sent to the Appellant at that address, on 2 October 1995. There was no response to the

NTO and, on 17 November 1995, a charge certificate was posted to that same address.

However, a week later (on 24 November), the NTO was returned to the Council in the course

of the post. It is not clear why the letter was returned (e.g. whether it was because the address

at the DVLA was wrong, or for some other reason). Further enquiries were sent by the Council

to the DVLA in January, February and March 1996, but apparently no response was received,

and no further enquiry appears to have been made. However, in November 1996, the Council’s

computer shows that the Appellant’s home address was added: it is unclear from where this

information came, but, as I have indicated above, it seems that the Appellant had written to the

Council very shortly after the issue of the PCN, and that letter contained his home address

details. A second NTO was sent to the Appellant at his home address on 6 February 1997.

The Appellant received that NTO and, within days, he made representations to the Council in the

following terms (and with grammar and spelling as in the original)::

“This ticket has been issued incorrectly as you sent me two more earlier last week. I

don’t know wethear your trafic-warden has been careless or you’ve got problems with

your computer. I live in the Borough and holding an orange and blue badge. Still don’t

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know on what circumstances you have given me this tickets. If you can’t cancel them

please arrange a court hearing. There might be someone listen to me.”

Those representations were sent on 17 February 1997. They were rejected by the Council 5

months later, on 22 July 1997, with an apology for the delay in response. The Council rejected

the representations, on the basis that a disabled badge does not allow parking on yellow lines

except for up to 20 minutes to allow a disabled person to be picked up or for goods to be

collected.

Again very promptly, on 26 July, Mr Rezvani appealed to the Parking Appeals Service, in the

following terms:

“Aparently you’d given me this ticket almost 3 years ago which I have no knoledge

about it, first of all. Second of all, I am disabled involve with kidney failure going on

dialysis, have had heart attack, extremely anaemic. I live in the Borough and holding

orenge and blue badge finalcialy, I am really in a very bad situation. I can’t aford a

penny. You tell me how am I supose to pay for a ticket which had been issued three

years ago. I want to appeal against the decision. Please can you cancel it. If you

can’t please send me a Court Order so I can explain it to them. Thank you for

understanding my situations.”

The appeal came before Parking Adjudicator Paul Wright on 16 September 1997. He allowed

the postal appeal, giving the following reasons:

“Without a copy of the attendant’s notebook I cannot be satisfied as to the observation

carried out in respect of the vehicle. Furthermore, the unconscionable delay in the

case has severely prejudiced the Appellant’s ability to collate and preserve evidence.”

A copy of the PCN was available to the Parking Adjudicator at the hearing, which indicated that

the vehicle had been seen in Pitt Street between 11.42am and 12.08pm. There was also a

computer printout from the hand-held computer, but this did not indicate the observation period.

The Parking Attendant’s hand-written notebook was not available. The Council said:

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“[We] apologise for the fact that we do not have a copy of the PA’s pocket-book. It

was archived and cannot now be found.”

The Council sought a review of the Adjudicator’s decision by letter to the Parking Appeals

Service of 28 October 1997.

At the hearing of the review, the Council submitted a copy of what purports to be the relevant

Parking Attendant’s hand-written notes. They are headed with the correct PCN number

(KC82031753). However, these notes apparently show that, at the relevant time on 31 July

1995, the Parking Attendant whose notes these are was not in Pitt Street, but in Holland Street:

and there is no reference to vehicle registration mark L397 GUY between 11.42am and 12.08pm

(or, indeed, in the notes at all).

C. Beaudecor Ltd (PAS Case No 1970161595) (PCN No KC73035254)

The Appellant is a company of painters and decorators. It is the registered keeper of a grey

Toyota vehicle registration mark M624 ALA.

The Council say that that vehicle was seen at 9.03am on 7 December 1995, parked in a

suspended meter bay in Kensington Park Road. A PCN was issued and attached to the vehicle.

The Appellant wrote to the Council shortly after the incident. Not all of the correspondence is

now available (because, the Council say, “as the case is old the Council’s record of

correspondence from Beudecor has been archived and we are unable to access these for the

purposes of this appeal”): but the Council have lodged a letter from them dated 12 December

1995, which refers to a letter from the Appellant dated 8 December 1995 (not now available).

The Council’s letter said that they were willing to accept payment at the reduced rate of £30 but,

if that payment was not received by 3 January 1996, an NTO would be sent. However, a letter

was sent on 8 January 1996 from Sureway Parking Services Ltd (expressly “on behalf of the

Royal Borough of Kensington & Chelsea”: Sureway are the Council’s parking contractors),

saying:

“Thank you for your letter with regard to the above PCN. Unfortunately we are

unable to reply at present, however we would advise that we will investigate your case

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as soon as possible and reply to your letter in due course. In the meantime your details

have been logged and your case has been put on hold”.

The Appellant heard nothing more about this for 14 months, when it received an NTO dated 25

February 1997. This 14 months was the material delay in this case. There is no explanation for

this delay: Mr Yates of the Council merely said, “A standard acknowledgement was sent in

response to a letter but procedures are now in place to identify matters requiring a substantive

response”.

Promptly, on 3 March 1997, the Appellant wrote in response to the NTO:

“With reference to the enclosed penalty charge: please note that this penalty has been

incorrectly issued. How is it possible for the “PCN Issue Date” to be 7.12.95 and we

receive this notice now in March 1997. We have no record of receiving a fixed

penalty in Kensington Park Road at 9.03am on 07.12.95.”

Those representations were turned down 3 months later, on 6 June 1997, although the Council

indicated in the letter of rejection that it was still willing to accept payment at the reduced rate of

£30 if made by 23 June 1997. However, no payment was made: rather, the Appellant appealed

to the Parking Appeals Service on 7 July 1997, giving its details of appeal as follows:

“The first indication of the PCN arrived at our office on the 3 March 1997. The notice

to owner was dated 25 February 1997. However, the NTO says the PCN was issued

on 7 December 1995... We never contravened parking laws in Kensington Park Road

in December 1995. How can a NTO be issued 15 months after an alleged parking

contravention; especially since we have no record of ever receiving a penalty notice.

It seems that Sureway can backdate or make-up any penalty notices going back a over

a year and the public have no way of proving innocence. How can a computerised

system “forget” and suddenly “find” a penalty notice over 15 months old?...”

The postal appeal came before Parking Adjudicator Susan Turquet on 27 August 1997. She

allowed the appeal, giving the following reasons:

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“Although there is evidence that Beaudecor responded to the PCN in December 1995

at the time, the subsequent delay of 15 months in sending out the NTO is prejudicial to

the Appellant and is an abuse of process.”

The Council sought a review of this decision by letter of 28 October 1997.

D. Patras Mahgaram (PAS Case No 1970213021) (PCN No KC71041959)

The Appellant is the registered keeper of a black Mercedes 300SE Auto registration mark D668

TGK.

The Council say that, on 14 October 1995, that car was seen parked in Gloucester Road, at a

place where parking and loading/unloading restrictions were in force. There was no response to

the PCN, and the Council made enquiries of the DVLA to identify the keeper on 6 November

and 4 December 1995 (to which there was no response as at 9 January 1996): and a third

enquiry was made on 14 May 1997 (some 17 months after the second enquiry), which did elicit a

response on 26 May 1997. An NTO was then sent to the Appellant on 3 June 1997.

The material delay in this case is between the second and third requests by the Council for

details of the owner, from the DVLA. In his letter of 27 October 1997 to the Parking Appeals

Service, Lawrence Blake (the Council’s Senior Parking Assistant) explained the delay as

follows:

“The Council accept however that there was a long delay between the issue of the

second and third VQ4 forms - some 17 months. The explanation for this is that as a

result of the Council taking over enforcement of parking from the Metropolitan Police,

new systems had to be introduced between the Council and its Contractors. Inevitably,

there were some problems experienced with those systems, one of which has resulted in

delays occurring on the reissue of VQ4 enquiries. I am pleased to say that these

problems are now being resolved...”

It is again to be noted that the material delays in this case were not caused or contributed to by

the Appellant.

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The Appellant responded to the NTO within days, on 14 June, in the following terms:

“I was disconcerted to find that I received this [PCN] as attached. I have absolutely

no recollection of receiving any notice on my windscreen on the date mentioned.

Furthermore, I am surprised to have received this notice one year and eight months

after the alleged offence occurred. I am certain that this is a clear misunderstanding

and, as a matter of urgency, I would be very grateful to receive confirmation from your

offices of a cancellation of this [PCN]. This is the first ticket I have received and I

would like to point out that I have always observed penalty parking restrictions when

parking in the Borough.”

Those representations were turned down by the Council in a letter of 27 August 1997. The

Appellant then appealed (on 1 September 1997), giving the following as his details of appeal:

“I surprised to receive your letter dated 27th Aug 1997 Notice No KC1041959. This

matter has already carry to close upon 2 year’s. Hence I am pleading once again to

ask you to cancel the penalty charge. As I mentioned to you in my previous letter, I

never received the penalty notice at all. Nor for your information, traffic warden has

in fact not even taken the excise licence number. I trust that at this late stage you will

kindly use your high offices to cancel all my penalty notice’s what you have mentioned

in your letter. Thank you very much.”

The postal appeal was adjourned on 13 October 1997, to allow the Council to explain the delay in

pursuing the penalty, which the Council did in Mr Blake’s letter of 27 October to which I have

already referred. The case was adjourned to be dealt with by me, together with the other,

review cases I am now dealing with.

E. General

I deal with the particular issues that these cases raise below. However, it will be apparent from

each of the individual cases that:

(i) The respective owners of the relevant vehicles were surprised and concerned to

receive documentation that indicated the Council was pursuing a penalty many

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months after the alleged contravention. Some expressed their views in forceful

or angry terms.

(ii) In a number of cases, the owner indicated that he could not remember - and

could not be expected to remember - the circumstances of the parking of a

particular vehicle on a particular day, many months or even years before.

(iii) In the case of Saeed Rezvani, the Appellant was not the only one with evidential

problems, because the Council archived the parking attendant’s notes and could

not find them prior to the first hearing, and, when the notes were found prior to

the review hearing before me, they appeared to show no reference to the

Appellant’s car and indeed that, at the relevant time, the Parking Attendant was

not in the same street as appeared on the Appellant’s PCN. Similarly, in

Beudecor Ltd, the Council indicated that, because of the age of the case, it had

archived certain relevant correspondence, which they could not access for the

appeal.

Whilst on the individual cases, what is in issue in each of them is a matter of law of far wider

application than their cases alone, and the Council have - in accordance with common practice -

consequently confirmed, both in their letter of 22 October 1997 and at the hearing before me,

that, whatever the result of the review, they will not pursue the Appellant for any penalty or

charge in any of these particular cases.

The Council’s Case

Hopefully doing justice to a substantial and carefully argued case, I summarise the Council’s

case as put by Mr Harrison as follows.

1. Limitation

A cause of action to recover a sum of money due under the 1991 Act arises when a

PCN is properly issued and served under Section 66 of the 1991 Act, i.e. when a

Parking Attendant, with grounds to believe that there has been a contravention of the

parking regulations, affixes a PCN to a vehicle or gives it to the driver/person in

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charge. It is irrelevant, Mr Harrison submits, that the owner of the vehicle (the only

person against whom a penalty can be enforced) may know nothing about the issue of

a PCN.

By Section 9 of the Limitation Act 1980, the sum of money recoverable is subject to a

six year limitation period, i.e. the Council can pursue the penalty at any time up to six

years after the issue and service of the PCN. That is the effective time restriction

beyond which an authority cannot seek to enforce a penalty.

2. Striking-out

Where delay is the only relevant factor, a Council’s ability to pursue a penalty is not

jeopardised except to the extent that their right to pursue a cause of action would be

jeopardised in a County Court action, i.e. on the basis of the principles set out in Birkett

-v- James [1978] AC 297 and summarised by the Court of Appeal in Trill -v- Sacher

[1993] 1 All ER 961. In short, there must have been inordinate and inexcusable delay

on the part of the Council, such that there arose a substantial risk that it would not be

possible to have a fair determination of the issues or such as is likely to cause serious

prejudice to the recipient of the NTO: and, even then, a case will not normally be

struck out within the limitation period. Although Mr Harrison did not express it as

such, it seems that it is inherent in this submission that an authority should be allowed to

proceed to enforce a parking penalty by issuing an NTO for six years after the issue of

a PCN, irrespective of the prejudice that may have been caused to the recipient of an

NTO by delay (that prejudice only being relevant where an NTO has been issued

within six years, but proceedings continue through the six year point). However, even

where delay is a factor to be taken into account, in line with these authorities, Mr

Harrison considered that a fair trial of the issues arising out of an alleged parking

contravention could be fairly determined despite delay, so long as the owner had not

been prejudiced. Prejudice, he said, was the crucial factor: and the “very high” burden

of showing prejudice falls upon the car owner (just as the burden of proof on an

application to strike out for want of prosecution is on the defendant).

Therefore, in short, Mr Harrison’s submitted that, under the statutory scheme, the

Council is able to issue an NTO at any time up to six years from the issue of a PCN:

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and, even where there is delay after the issue of the NTO, it would be unlikely that that

delay would be such as to warrant the enforcement proceedings being struck out. On

this basis, an authority could quite properly take six or eight or more years to complete

proceedings to enforce a parking penalty.

3. The Duty to Act Fairly

The Council (through Mr Harrison) accept that, when exercising any of its functions

under the scheme, it has a duty to act fairly (or, as he preferred it to be put, “a duty not

to act unreasonably”), arising out of the limb of natural justice requiring there to be a

fair hearing: and that delay can be a relevant factor in determining whether the Council

have acted in breach of that duty. Mr Harrison conceded that it would be possible for

an authority to behave so outrageously that it would be a breach of natural justice to

allow it to pursue any penalty in the circumstances (e.g. where an authority by delay

deliberately manipulated the statutory scheme to its own advantage): but, in the

absence of conduct of that sort, there would be no breach of the duty to act fairly

unless the owner had been prejudiced. Again, the burden of proving sufficient

prejudice would fall on the owner himself.

He said that, for the purposes of this case, Article 6(1) of the European Convention on

Human Rights would (even if applicable) impose no greater an obligation on an

authority than do the rules of natural justice. He submitted that Article 6(2) and (3) of

the Convention (which apply to “criminal” proceedings) would not in any event apply to

the enforcement of parking penalties under the 1991 Act: but, even if they did, they

would not impose a greater obligation on an authority than do the rules of natural

justice.

4. Evidential Matters

The Council rely upon contemporaneous records, in the form of parking attendants’

hand-written and computer-recorded notes. Whilst accepting that a (civil) burden of

proof lay upon the Council to prove that the contravention occurred, Mr Harrison

submitted that, so long as the Adjudicator is satisfied on the balance of probabilities that

the details were recorded accurately and had not subsequently been altered, then “the

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only supportable conclusion will be that the contravention occurred”. Such

documentary records will be as credible after a lengthy period of time as after a

shorter period. On the other hand, the recollection of the driver/owner - who is

unlikely to have any relevant contemporaneous documents - can only fade with time,

so that, as time passes, an Adjudicator can only rely more heavily upon the (Council’s)

documentary evidence showing a contravention did indeed occur. Therefore, Mr.

Harrison said, Adjudicators should therefore be very slow indeed to find that, as a

matter of evidence, time alone meant that they could not be sure that a contravention

had occurred (cf the decisions of the Adjudicators in the cases of Paul Richard Davis,

Saeed Rezvani and Beaudecor Ltd, that are now before me on review).

5. Conclusion

The Council say that, in each of the cases before me, the delay was not caused by

them and/or the Appellant has failed to prove that any delay by the Council has caused

prejudice to him.

For these reasons, the Council asked me to refuse the appeal in each case.

I deal with each of these submissions below. However, in considering these matters, Mr

Harrison in particular urged me to view an authority’s pursuit of a penalty against a car owner as

the same as any other County Court action, such as (for example) the pursuit of damages by a

plaintiff in a running down case. He said that that should be the starting point in my

consideration of issues such as limitation, striking out and the effects of delay. I have already

commended Mr Harrison for his careful and helpful submissions, but I consider this to be an

over-simplification and a misconception of the true position.

First, there is a difference in the purpose. The proper purpose of a claim for a typical claim for

damages in the County Court (in, e.g., a running down case) is the recovery of compensation:

but the paramount purpose of the scheme for the enforcement of parking regulations under the

1991 Act is not fiscal, but rather for good traffic management. A Council is not bound to pursue

every parking penalty, irrespective of the circumstances: and the extent to which very belated

attempts to recover penalties lead to better future compliance must be doubted. Indeed, it is

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possible that, if such attempts are perceived by the public to be inherently unfair, they will result

in an undermining of the public confidence in the system as a whole.

Second, there is a difference in the nature of the scheme. Under the statutory scheme, so far as

the determination and enforcement of penalties are concerned there are three distinct stages:

(i) The First Stage : From the issue of the PCN to the rejection of any representations

made in respect of the NTO.

During this stage, the local authority is not only the enforcing authority, it is also the

decision-making authority (although not, of course, “a Court” because it does not

exercise any judicial function, its role being administrative only). The subject matter is

the penalty charge. During this stage, neither the local authority nor the recipient of

the NTO has any right to take any step before either the Parking Adjudicator or the

County Court.

(ii) The Second Stage : From the rejection of representations against an NTO to the

determination of an appeal by the Parking Adjudicator.

Once the local authority has rejected the representations of the recipient of the NTO,

that person has the right to appeal against that administrative decision to the Parking

Adjudicator. In any appeal, as the respondent, the local authority continues to be the

enforcing authority: but the decision-making authority is now the Parking Adjudicator.

An Adjudicator is “a Court” because he or she exercises judicial functions and forms

part of the judicial system of the country rather than the administration of the

Government (see Peach Grey & Co -v- Sommers [1995] 2 All ER 513 at 519-521, per

Rose LJ, who was in that case considering the status of an industrial tribunal: he found

that such a tribunal was “an inferior Court”, for the purposes of contempt of Court, and

it is noteworthy that he did so despite the fact that an industrial tribunal “is not a Court

of record and that its monetary awards have to be enforced ... by the County Court

...” (page 519H)). Before the Adjudicator, the subject matter remains the penalty

charge. During this stage, the local authority cannot take any steps in the County

Court: its sole role is as respondent in the appeal before the Adjudicator. Neither can

the recipient of the NTO take any steps in the County Court at this stage.

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(iii) The Third Stage : From the determination of liability for the penalty charge.

This stage will commence at t he conclusion of any appeal before the Parking

Adjudicator, or earlier if the recipient of the NTO ceases to dispute liability for the

penalty earlier. By this stage, even if there has been an appeal, the Parking

Adjudicator is functus officio . The local authority continue to be the enforcing

authority, and it can at this stage issue a charge certificate in respect of, not the penalty

charge, but “the increased charge” which, in amount, is the original penalty charge plus

50%. If this is not paid within 14 days, then the local authority can seek an order from

the County Court for the recovery of the increased charge.

The County Court therefore only becomes involved at a stage when liability for the

increased charge has been settled (either because the penalty is accepted by the

vehicle owner, or he does not dispute it, or an Adjudicator has determined it), and the

resulting liability is simply enforced through the County Court as a County Court money

order or judgment. At that stage, enforcement can go no further without the

assistance of a Court. The County Court’s role is therefore very late in the scheme,

and limited to enforcement: indeed, the right to challenge liability for the increased

penalty is expressly excluded (although, as I have indicated, the County Court order

can be set aside on procedural grounds if, for example, the NTO was never received

by the relevant person).

Therefore, whilst in these novel areas it is sometimes helpful to work from analogy, I do not

consider the statutory scheme for the enforcement of parking regulations can simply be looked at

as if it were a running down case wending its course through the County Court, with the service

of the NTO being the equivalent of issue (or service) of a County Court Summons and the

recipient’s representations being the equivalent of a Defence. I do not consider that an

authority’s statutory duty to consider representations (under Paragraph 2(7)(a) of Schedule 6 to

the 1991 Act) can be equated with a plaintiff’s consideration of a Defence in a typical County

Court case. It seems to me that the Council’s submissions fail to give proper weight to its public

responsibilities under the 1991 Act and the purposes of that Act. Those purposes are quite

different from the purposes of a County Court plaintiff in a damages action, whose only concern

is compensation (i.e. the recovery of damages of monies he considers due to himself). The

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scheme of the 1991 Act is an entirely distinct creation of statute, in which the role of the County

Court (as the ultimate enforcer by way of recovery of the increased charge) is purely incidental.

This is a matter to which I will return when I deal with the Council’s submissions on the specific

issues.

Nor did I find helpful the comparison between the 1991 Act scheme and the Inland Revenue

scheme for the collection of taxes, in which there is a six year limitation period (made by Linda

Wheeler, the Council’s Head of Parking Operations, in her letter to the Parking Appeals Service

dated 28 October 1997). Again, both the purposes and the nature if the relevant schemes are

very different. The purpose of the Inland Revenue scheme is fiscal (the collection of taxes),

whereas the purpose of the 1991 Act scheme is not (it is for good traffic management). The

taxation scheme has express limitation provisions built in: for example, in cases brought by the

Revenue (which Miss Wheeler prayed in aid), an action must be brought within six years from

the end of the chargeable period to which the claim relates by virtue of the specific provisions of

Section 34 of The Taxes Management Act 1970. There are no similar express provisions in the

1991 Act. Bearing in mind these differences between the 1991 Act scheme and the scheme for

taxation, the extent to which useful parallels can be drawn is very limited.

Limitation

As I indicate above, the Council’s argument on limitation is simply put. They say that a cause of

action to recover a sum of money due under the 1991 Act arises when a PCN is properly issued

and served under Section 66 of the 1991 Act, i.e. when a Parking Attendant, with grounds to

believe that there has been a contravention of the parking regulations, affixes a PCN to a vehicle

or gives it to the driver/person in charge. As this is a sum recoverable by virtue of a statute (the

1991 Act), they say that Section 9 of the Limitation Act 1980 applies, so that the penalty

recoverable is subject to a six year limitation period, i.e. the Council can pursue the penalty by

way of action at any time up to six years after the issue and service of the PCN when the cause

of action accrued. The step the authority takes to stop the limitation clock running is the issue

and service of the NTO which, it is said, commences “the action” Mr Harrison said that

Parliament had therefore provided that an authority should have six years to pursue a parking

penalty, with limitation providing the effective “cut-off” date for pursuit of a penalty: he

submitted that Parliament had contemplated with apparent equanimity the possibility of a local

authority pursuing the owner of a vehicle for a parking penalty six years after the alleged

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contravention, even though (for reasons referred to below) the owner may during that time be in

complete ignorance of his potential liability.

However, this position appears largely to derive from the Council’s position that the 1991 Act

scheme can be equated with a typical County Court damages action. As I have pointed out, that

position fails properly to distinguish between the three distinct stages of the scheme referred to

above. On a proper construction of the relevant statutory provisions, I do not consider that

limitation provides any effective restriction at all on an authority’s right to pursue a penalty under

this statutory scheme.

Although the Courts today properly abhor undue delay, at Common Law, if one had a right, there

was no time limit on when it could be enforced by way of Court action. Leaving aside the

equitable principles of acquiescence and laches (not relevant in this case), time restrictions on

the bringing of an actions derive from statute, now the Limitation Act 1980. Under that Act,

periods of limitation begin to run when the “cause of action” accrues. “Action” is defined in

Section 38(1), to include “any proceeding in a Court of law...”. A cause of action is a factual

situation which gives a person a right to a remedy in the Courts. As I have already indicated, in

my view, for these purposes both the County Court and the Parking Adjudicator are “Courts of

law”.

Therefore, in the scheme of the 1991 Act, when does a cause of action arise? At which stage

does the authority accrue a right to a remedy from either the Adjudicator or the Court? The

answer to that is, not before a default in payment of the increased charge following the service

of the charge certificate.

It seems to me that no cause of action arises at the time of the issue of the PCN, when the

Council have no right to seek recourse from either the Court or the Adjudicator. Similarly, no

cause of action arises when the NTO is served. The recipient of the NTO only has the right to

make representations to the local authority in respect of it: and neither he, nor the local authority,

has any recourse to either the Court or the Adjudicator. Therefore, in my view, clearly no cause

of action arises during the first stage of the procedure referred to above.

During the second stage, the recipient of the NTO has the right to challenge the administrative

decision of the authority to reject his or her representations before the Adjudicator. Although the

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Adjudicator exercises a judicial function and is a “Court”, the local authority can take no steps to

enforce the penalty whilst an appeal is being determined. Indeed, at this stage, it is only the

“penalty charge” that is in dispute: and the penalty charge (as opposed to the “increased

charge”) is never capable of being enforced by the authority. Therefore, I do not consider that

any cause of action arises in the authority during the second stage, either.

The third stage is clearly different. Liability for the penalty charge has been determined and, if

not paid promptly, the local authority are able to serve a charge certificate in the amount of the

increased charge. If not paid within 14 days, it is the recovery of the increased charge that can

be enforced by the local authority through the County Court. The Council has no cause of action

- it has no right to a remedy in any Court of law - prior to 14 days after the service of a charge

certificate for the “increased charge” under Paragraph 6(1) of Schedule 6 to the 1991 Act. I

note that, as indicated above, under Paragraph 7 of Schedule 6, it is in respect of the increased

charge (and not the penalty charge) that proceedings can be taken in the County Court by way

of enforcement.

My view that the authority does not have any cause of action prior to 14 days after an issue of

the charge certificate is in line with the general principle that a cause of action is complete only

when someone has the right to seek a remedy in Court in respect of it. I have in mind that there

are some cases - albeit rare - when time for limitation purposes may begin running before

anyone has such a right. In O’Connor v Isaacs [1956] 2 QB 288, Diplock J (as he then was), in

a full judgment upheld as to decision and reasoning by the Court of Appeal ([1956] 2 QB 288 at

328), differentiated between those cases where a later event is an integral part of the cause of

action and those cases where a later event merely removes a procedural bar to the bringing of

the action. Cases falling within each category are given in the text books (e.g. “Limitation

Periods” by Andrew McGee, 2nd Edition (1994), at pages 85-9). In my view, it cannot properly

be said that the various actions necessary under the 1991 Act scheme prior to an authority

having the right to take action in the County Court are merely a procedural bar to recovery.

Rather, they are essential steps necessary for the crystallisation of liability for the increased

charge that alone the authority can pursue by way of Court claim. The service of the charge

certificate - at which time, for the first time, the increased charge becomes due - is an essential

ingredient of the cause of action: without it, the authority’s cause of action is incomplete.

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None of the cases before me turns on whether time for seeking a County Court order

commences for limitation purposes at the time of service of the charge certificate or 14 days

thereafter (when action in the County Court can be commenced), and it is unlikely that any case

will ever be dependent on such a point. However, on the basis of principle, I consider it would

be the later date.

Therefore, as a matter of limitation, having served a charge certificate and waited the statutory

14 days, an authority will have six years within which to seek a County Court order under CCR

Order 48B Rule 2. But, prior to the service of a charge certificate, I do not consider the

Limitation Act imposes any restriction upon an authority’s ability to pursue a penalty.

Of course, once an application for an order has been granted by the County Court, the provisions

of Section 24 of the Limitation Act will apply, as it applies to all money orders and judgments:

but, because actions on (as opposed to enforcement of) judgments will be very rare indeed, the

effective limitation on pursuit of the order will be the requirement to seek leave to enforce the

order under CCR Order 48B Rule 5(1) and Order 26 Rule 5.

Striking-out

The power of a Court to dismiss an action for want of prosecution or abuse is based on the

inherent jurisdiction to control its own procedure, and not on any statute or Rule of Court (Trill v

Sacher [1993] 1 All ER 961 at 975, per Neill LJ: see also the historical review of this aspect of

the inherent jurisdiction by Brooke LJ in AB & Others v John Wyeth & Brother Limited [1997]

8 Med LR 57 at 70 et seq). A Parking Adjudicator is a tribunal entirely created and governed by

statute and regulations. Although he has a wide discretion to govern his own procedure (see,

particularly, Regulation 9(2) of The Road Traffic (Parking Adjudicators) (London) Regulations

1993), he does not have the same inherent jurisdiction as the Court.

In considering the cases before me - in which, I have found, limitation plays no effective part and

the circumstances in which the jurisdiction to control the tribunal’s own procedure are different

from that of the High Court - I do not consider that I can be assisted by what a Court does in its

inherent jurisdiction, when cases are commenced before - but then pursued beyond - the lapse of

the limitation period. What I must do is to construe the relevant statutory provisions that apply to

the statutory scheme of the 1991 Act, to which I now turn.

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The Duty to Act Fairly

Whilst at several stages the statutory scheme fixes a minimum time period before which an

authority cannot go to the next stage of the process (of course, to allow payment of the relevant

penalty, which would bring the matter to a conclusion), it does not specifically provide for a

maximum period within which (e.g.) an NTO must be sent out following the issue of a PCN, or

an authority must respond to representations in respect of an NTO. Outside the scheme for

clamping and removal (where the authority are holding the penalty and release charges, which

the owner is attempting to recover), the statutory provisions provide no specific time limit for any

action of the authority, at least prior to the service of the charge certificate (that is the last stage

of the statutory scheme: the enforcement scheme from there onwards is simply the same as in

respect of any County Court money order or judgment). However, this does not mean that there

are no time limits at all.

In construing the relevant statutory provisions, the question to be asked is whether the intention

of those provisions is that there be no limit on the time in which an authority can pursue the

enforcement of a penalty the subject of a PCN: or whether they intend some limit and, if so,

what that limit is. Of course, although at root one may be striving to ascertain Parliament’s

intention or what Parliament meant to enact, one can only seek the intention of the words

Parliament uses: that is, not what Parliament meant but the true meaning of what they said

(Black-Clawson International Ltd v Papierwerke Waldhof-Aschaffenburg AG [1975] AC 591 at

613, per Lord Reid). However, do the statutory provisions really mean to allow an authority to

pursue a penalty under a PCN years - perhaps many years - after the alleged contravention? I

have come to the conclusion that this is not the proper construction of the relevant provisions:

and that the proper construction requires the enforcing authority to take each step in the process

within a reasonable time. Such an implication is necessary, so that justice is done and the

purposes of the statute are not frustrated. My reasons for coming to this conclusion are as

follows.

The Council accepted - in my view quite correctly - that, in exercising any of its functions under

the scheme, it has a duty to act fairly or, as Mr Harrison preferred it, “a duty not to act

unreasonably”. In my view, because an authority must be acting unreasonably if it does not act

fairly, the duty to act reasonably entirely encompasses the duty to act fairly. The more specific

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